培根美文赏析-of friendship 论 友 谊

IT HAD been hard for him that spake it to have put more truth and untruth together in few words, than in that speech, Whatsoever¹ is delighted in solitude², is either a wild beast or a god.  For it is most true, that a natural and secret hatred³, and aversation towards society, in any man, hath somewhat of the savage⁴ beast; but it is most untrue, that it should have any character at all, of the divine nature; except it proceed, not out of a pleasure in solitude, but out of a love and desire to sequester⁶ a man's self, for a higher conversation: such as is found to have been falsely and feignedly in some of the heathen; as Epimenides the Canadian, Numa the Roman, Empedocles the Sicilian, and Apollonius of Tyana;  and truly and really, in divers⁷ of the ancient hermits⁸ and holy fathers of the church.  But little do men perceive what solitude is, and how far it extendeth.  For a crowd is not company; and faces are but a gallery of pictures; and talk but a tinkling⁹ cymbal¹⁰, where there is no love.  The Latin adage¹¹ meeteth with it a little: Magna civitas , magna solitudo; because in a great town friends are scattered¹²; so that there is not that fellowship, for the most part, which is in less neighborhoods.  But we may go further, and affirm most truly, that it is a mere¹³ and miserable¹⁴　solitude to want true friends; without which the　world is but a wilderness¹⁵; and even in this sense also of solitude, whosoever in the frame of his nature and affections, is unfit for friendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not from humanity.
 

A principal fruit of friendship, is the ease and discharge of the fulness and swellings of the heart, which passions of all kinds do cause and induce. We know diseases of stoppings, and suffocations, are the most dangerous in the body; and it is not much otherwise in the mind; you may take sarza to open the liver, steel to open the spleen, flowers of sulphur for the lungs, castoreum for the brain; but no receipt openeth the heart, but a true friend; to whom you may impart griefs, joys, fears, hopes, suspicions, counsels, and whatsoever lieth upon the heart to oppress it, in a kind of civil shrift or confession¹⁶.  

 
 “喜欢孤独的人不是野兽便是神灵 ”。说这话的人若要在寥寥数语之中 ，更能把真理和邪说放在一处
，那就很难了 。因为，若说一个人心里有了一种天生的 、隐秘的
、对社会的憎恨嫌弃 ，则那个人不免带点野兽底性质，这是极其真实的；然而要说这样的一个人居然有任何神灵底性质
，则是极不真实的
。只有一点可为例外，那就是当这种憎恨社会的心理不是出于对孤独的爱好而是出于一种想把自己退出社会以求更崇高的生活的心理的时候；这样的人异教徒中有些人曾冒充过 ，如克瑞蒂人埃辟曼尼底斯罗马人努马西西利人安辟道克利斯和蒂安那人阿波郎尼亚斯是也；而基督教会中许多的古隐者和长老则确有如此者。但是一般人并不大明白何为孤独以及孤独底范围 。因为在没有“仁爱
”的地方
，一群的人众并不能算做一个团体，许多的面目也仅仅是一列图画；而交谈则不过是铙钹丁令作声而且。这种情形有句拉丁成语略能形容之：“一座大城市就是一片大荒野”；因为在一座大城市里朋友们是散居各处的 ，所以就其大概而言
，不像在小一点的城镇里，有那样的交情
。但是我们不妨更进一步并且很真实地断言说 ，缺乏真正的朋友乃是最纯粹最可怜的孤独；没有友谊则斯世不过是一片荒野；我们还可以用这个意义来论“孤独 ”说
，凡是天性不配交友的人其性情可说是来自禽兽而不是来自人类的。

友谊底主要效用之一就在使人心中的愤懑抑郁之气得以宣泄弛放，这些不平之气是各种的情感都可以引起的 。闭塞之症于人底身体最为凶险 ，这是我们知道的；在人底精神方面亦复如此：你可以服撒尔沙以通肝
，服钢以通脾，服硫华以通肺 ，服海狸胶以通脑，然而除了一个真心的朋友之外没有一样药剂是可以通心的
。对一个真心的朋友你可以传达你底忧愁、欢悦 、恐惧、希望
、疑忌、谏净
，以及任何压在你心上的事情，有如一种教堂以外的忏悔一样.

 It is a strange thing to observe, how high a rate great kings and monarchs¹⁷ do set upon this fruit of friendship, whereof we speak: so great, as they purchase it, many times, at the hazard of their own safety and greatness.  For princes, in regard of the distance of their fortune from that of their subjects and servants, cannot gather this fruit, except (to make themselves capable thereof) they raise some persons to be, as it were, companions and almost equals to themselves, which many times sorteth to inconvenience.  The modern languages give unto such persons the name of favorites, or privadoes; as if it were matter of grace, or conversation.  But the Roman name attaineth the true use and cause thereof, naming them participes curarum; for it is that which tieth the knot.And we see plainly that this hath been done, not by weak and passionate¹⁸ princes only, but by the wisest and most politic¹⁹ that ever reigned²⁰; who have oftentimes joined to themselves some of their servants; whom both themselves have called friends, and allowed other likewise to call them inthe same manner; using the word which is received between private men. 

L. Sylla, when he commanded Rome, raised Pompey (after surnamed the Great) to that height, that Pompey vaunted himself for Sylla's overmatch.  For when he had carried the consulship²¹ for a friend of his, against the pursuit of Sylla, and that Sylla did a little resent thereat, and began to speak great, Pompey turned upon him again, and in effect bade him be quiet; for that more men adored the sun rising, than the sun setting.  With Julius Caesar, Decimus Brutus had obtained that interest as he set him down in his testament²², for heir in remainder, after his nephew.  And this was the man that had power with him, to draw him forth²³ to his death.  For when Caesar would have discharged the senate, in regard of some ill presages²⁴, and specially²⁵ a dream of Calpurnia; this man lifted him gently by the arm out of his chair, telling him he hoped he would not dismiss the senate, till his wife had dreamt a better dream. And it seemeth his favor was so great, as Antonius, in a letter which is recited verbatim in one of Cicero's Philippics, calleth him venefica, witch; as if he had enchanted²⁶ Caesar.  Augustus raised Agrippa (though of mean birth) to that height, as when he consulted with Maecenas, about the marriage of his daughter Julia, Maecenas took the liberty to tell him, that he must either marry his daughter to Agrippa, or take away his life; there was no third way, he had made him so great.  With Tiberius Caesar, Sejanus had ascended²⁷ to that height, as they two were termed, and reckoned, as a pair of friends.  Tiberius in a letter to him saith,Haec pro⁵ amicitia nostra non occultavi; and the whole senate dedicated²⁸ an altar to Friendship, as to a goddess, in respect of the great dearness of friendship, between them two.  The like, or more, was between Septimius Severus and Plautianus. For he forced his eldest²⁹ son to marry the daughter of Plautianus; and would often maintain Plautianus, in doing affronts³⁰ to his son; and did write also in a letter to the senate, by these words: I love the man so well, as I wish he may over-live me.Now if these princes had been as a Trajan, or a Marcus Aurelius, a man might have thought that this had proceeded of an abundant goodness of nature; but being men so wise, of such strength and severity of mind, and so extreme lovers of themselves, as all these were, it proveth most plainly that they found their own felicity (though as great as ever happened to mortal men) but as an half piece, except they mought have a friend, to make it entire; and yet, which is more, they were princes that had wives, sons, nephews; and yet all these could not supply the comfort of friendship.
                      
 许多伟大的人主帝王对于我们所说的友谊底效用之重视在我们看起来实为可异。他们之重视友谊，至于往往不顾自己底安全与尊荣以求之 。盖为人君者 ，由于他们与臣民之间地位上的距离的原故
，是不能享受友谊的——除非他们（为使自己能享受友谊起见）把某人擢升到他们底伴侣或侪辈底地位，然而这样做底结果往往是有不便的
。像这样的人现代语叫做“宠臣”或“私人
”；好像他们之所以能到这种地位仅仅是由于主上底恩意或君臣之间的亲近似的。然而罗马语中的字眼才能算是把这种人底真正用途及其擢升之由表达出来了；罗马语把这种人叫做participes curarum“分优者”；因为真能使君臣之间结如斯之友谊者 ，正即此事也 。我们又可以看到像这样的事情并不限于懦弱易感的君主
，即从来最有智有谋的君主，亦往往有与臣下中某人结交 ，呼之为友
，并使旁人亦以君王之友人称之者；君臣之间所用的这种称谓就和普遍私人之间所用的一样
。

苏拉，当他为罗马底独裁者的时候 ，把庞拜（即后来被人称为“伟大的 ”庞拜者）擢升到很高的地位以至庞拜自诩为苏拉所不及。因为有一次庞拜为他底一位朋友争执政官之职，与苏拉所推举之人竞选
，竟而获胜 。在苏拉对此表示不满而开始争吵的时候，庞拜简直反唇相向 ，叫他不要多言
，“因为拜朝日的人多过拜夕阳的人
”
。在恺撒则有代西玛斯·布鲁塔斯，其影响之巨 ，竟使恺撒在遗嘱中立他为次承继人
，仅次于恺撒底孙外甥。而这人也就是有能力诱致恺撒于死地的人 。因为在恺撒为了一些不祥的预兆，尤其是克尔坡尼亚底一场噩梦的原故而想使参议院先行散会 ，改期再开的时候
，布鲁塔斯拉着他底胳膊，轻轻地把他从椅子上拉了起来 ，并告诉他说
，他希望恺撒不要叫参议院散会，等恺撒底夫人做一场好一点的梦之后再行开会。安东尼在一封信里（这封信在西塞罗底攻击演说之一中曾经一字不移地引用过）曾呼代西玛斯·布鲁塔斯为“妖人” ，好像他用邪术迷惑了恺撒似的，他底得宠之深可见矣
。阿葛瑞帕虽然出身微贱
，但是奥古斯塔斯却把他升到很高的地位，以致后来当奥古斯塔斯以他底女儿玖利亚底婚事问麦西那斯的时候 ，麦西那斯竟敢说“他必须把女儿嫁给阿葛瑞帕
，否则就必须把阿葛瑞帕杀了。再没有第三条路可走，因为他把阿葛瑞帕已造就得如此之伟大了 ” 。在泰比瑞亚斯一方面西亚努斯升到很高的位置 ，竟至他们二人被称并被认为一双朋友
。泰比瑞亚斯在致西亚努斯的一封信里写道：“为了我们底友谊的原故
，我没有把这些事对你隐瞒
”，并且整个的参议院给“友谊”特造了一座杂坛（就好像“友谊 ”是一位女神一样）以表扬他们二人之间的很亲爱的友谊。此类或胜乎此的例子又可于塞普谛米亚斯·塞委拉斯与普劳梯亚努斯底友谊中见之 。因为塞委拉斯竟强迫他底儿子娶普劳梯亚努斯之女为妻；并且往往袒护普劳梯亚努斯种种欺凌皇子的行为；他并且以这样的言辞下诏于参议院：“朕爱其人如此之深 ，愿其能后朕而死也
”
。假如这些君王是图拉真或马喀斯·奥瑞利亚斯一流的
，那末我们可以认为像上述的举动乃是出自十分良善的心田的；但是这些君王都是很有智谋，精神强健而严厉 ，并且是极端爱己的
，然而他们竟然如此，这就可以证明他们底幸福虽然已达人间之极峰 ，但是他们对之，仍不满意
，觉得若无朋友使之圆满，则这种幸福终是残缺不全也。犹有甚者 ，这些君主都是有妻有子有甥侄的人
，然而这些人竟不能使他们有朋友之乐.

It is not to be forgotten, what Comineus observeth of his first master, Duke Charles the Hardy,namely, that he would communicate his secrets with none; and least of all, those secrets which troubled him most.  Whereupon he goeth on, and saith that towards his latter time, that closeness did impair³¹, and a little perish his understanding. Surely Comineus mought have made the same judgment³² also, if it had pleased him, of his secondmaster, Lewis the Eleventh, whose closeness was indeed his tormentor³³.  The parable³⁴ of Pythagoras is dark, but true; Cor ne edito; Eat not the heart. Certainly, if a man would give it a hard phrase,those that want friends, to open themselves unto,are carnnibals of their own hearts.  But one thing is most admirable (wherewith I will conclude this first fruit of friendship), which is, that this communicating of a man's self to his friend, works two contrary effects; for it redoubleth joys, and cutteth griefs in halves.  For there is no man, that imparteth his joys to his friend, but he joyeth the more; and no man that imparteth his griefs to his friend, but he grieveth the less.  So that it is in truth, of operation upon a man's mind, of like virtue³⁵ as the alchemists use to attribute to their stone, for man's body; that it worketh all contrary effects, but still to the good and benefit of nature.  But yet without praying in aid of alchemists, there is a manifest image of this, in the ordinary course of nature.  For in bodies, union strengtheneth and cherisheth any natural action; and on the other side, weakeneth and dulleth any violent impression: and even so it is of minds. 
 
The second fruit of friendship, is healthful and sovereign for the understanding, as the first is for the affections.  For friendship maketh indeed a fair day in the affections, from storm and tempests; but it maketh daylight in the understanding, out of darkness, and confusion of thoughts.  Neither is this to be understood only of faithful counsel, which a man receiveth from his friend; but before you come to that, certain it is, that whosoever hath his mind fraught³⁶ with many thoughts, his wits band understanding do clarify and break up, in the communicating and discoursing³⁷ with another; he tosseth his thoughts more easily; he marshalleth them more orderly, he seeth how they look when they are turned into words: finally, he waxeth wiser than himself; and that more by an hour's iscourse, than by a day's meditation³⁸.  It was well said by Themistocles, to the king of Persia, That speech was like cloth of Arras, opened and putabroad; whereby the imagery doth appear infigure; whereas in thoughts they lie but as in packs.  Neither is this second fruit of friendship, in opening the understanding, restrained only to such friends as are able to give a man counsel; (they indeed are best;) but even without that, a man learneth of himself, and bringeth his own thoughts  to light, and whetteth his wits as againsta stone, which itself cuts not.  In a word, a man were better relate himself to a statua, or picture ,han to suffer his thoughts to pass in smother³⁹. 
                        
 康明奈亚斯关于他底第一位主上，“勇敢的”查理公爵 ，所说的话是不可忘的
，就是，他不肯把他底秘密与任何人共之 ，尤其不肯把那最使他为难的秘密告人 。于是康明奈亚斯继续又说道：“到公爵底末日将近的时候这种秘而不宣的性情不免稍损他底理智 ”
。其实
，如果康明奈亚斯乐意的话，他对于他底第二位主上 ，路易十一
，也大可下同样的断语，因为路易十一底好隐秘确是他自己底灾星。毕达哥拉斯底格言是难解而真确的；他说 ，“不要吃你底心
” 。确实地；说得厉害一点，没有朋友可以向之倾诉心事的人们可说是吃自己底心的野人
。有一件事却是很值得惊奇的（我把它说了出来就此结束关于友谊底第一种功效的话语）
，那就是，一个人向朋友宣泄私情的这件事能产生两种相反的结果 ，它既能使欢乐倍增
，又能使忧愁减半。因为没有人不因为把自己底乐事告诉了朋友而更为欢欣者，也没有人因为把自己底忧愁告诉了朋友而不减忧愁者 。所以就实际的作用而言 ，友谊之于人心其价值真有如炼金术士常常所说的他们底宝石之于人身一样；这宝石
，依术土们底话，是能产生种种互相反对的效力 ，然而总是有利于天禀的。然而
，即令不借助于术士，在普通的自然现象中 ，也可以看到这种情形很明显的肖象
。因为物体相合则足以助长并滋养任何天然的作用
，又可以削弱并挫折任何暴烈的外来打击也：物体如此，人心亦是如此。

友谊底第二种功用就在它能卫养并支配理智 ，有如第一种功用之卫养并支配感情一样 。因为友谊在感情方面使人出于烈风暴雨而入于光天化日，而在理智方面又能使人从黑暗和乱想入于白昼也
。这不仅指一个人从朋友处得来的忠谏而言；即在得到这个之前
，任何心中思虑过多的人，若能与旁人通言并讨论 ，则他底心智与理解力将变为清朗而有别；他底思想底动作将更为灵活；其排列将更有秩序；他可以看出来把这些思想变成言语的时候它们是什么模样；他终于变得比以往的他聪明
，而要达到这种情形，一小时底谈话比一天底沉思为效更巨——这些都是没有疑义的。塞密斯陶克立斯对波斯王的话说得极是 。他说：“言语有如张挂展览的花毡 ，其中的图形都是显明的；而思想则有如卷折起来的花毡”
。友谊底这第二种功用（就是启发理智）
，也不限于那些能进忠言的朋友（他们当然是最好的朋友了），即令没有这样的朋友 ，一个人也能借言谈底力量自己增长知识
，把自己底思想使之明白表现，并且把自己底机智磨厉得更为锋利 ，如磨刃于石
，刃锐而石固不能割也。简言之，一个人 ，与其使他底思想窒息而灭，毋宁向雕像或图画倾诉一切之为愈也 。

 Add now, to make this second fruit of friendship complete, that other point, which lieth more open, and falleth within vulgar observation; which is faithful counsel from a friend.  Heraclitus saith well in one of his enigmas⁴⁰, Dry light is ever the best.  And certain it is, that the light that a man receiveth by counsel from another, is drier and purer, than that which cometh from his own understanding and judgment; which is ever infused, and drenched⁴¹, in his affections and customs.So as there is as much difference between the counsel, that a friend giveth, and that a man giveth himself, as there is between the counsel of a friend, and of a flatterer.  For there is no such flatterer as is a man's self; and there is no such remedy against flattery of a man's self, as the liberty of a friend. Counsel is of two sorts: the one concerning manners, the other concerning business.  For the first,the best preservative⁴² to keep the mind in health, is the faithful admonition of a friend.  The calling of a man's self to a strict account, is a medicine, sometime too piercing and corrosive⁴³.  Reading good books of morality, is a little flat and dead.  Observing our faults in others, is sometimes improper⁴⁴ for our case.  But the best receipt (best, I say, to work, and best to take) is the admonition of a friend. It is a strange thing to behold⁴⁵, what gross errors  and extreme absurdities⁴⁶ many (especially of the greater sort) do commit, for want of a friend to tell them of them; to the great damage both of their fame and fortune: for, as St. James saith, they are as men that look sometimes into a glass, and preently forget their own shape and favor.  As for business, a man may think, if he win, that two eyes see no more than one; or that a gamester seeth always more than a looker-on; or that a man in anger, is as wise as he that hath said over the four and twenty letters; or that a musket⁴⁷ may be shot off as well upon the arm, as upon a rest; and such other fond and high imaginations, to think him self all in all.  But when all is done, the help of good counsel, is that which setteth business straight. And if any man think that he will take counsel, but it shall be by pieces; asking counsel in one business, of one man, and in another business, of another man; it is well (that is to say, better, perhaps, than if he asked none at all); but he runneth two dangers: one, that he shall not be faithfully counselled; for it is a rare thing, except it be from a perfect and entire friend, to have counsel given, but such as shall be bowed and crooked⁴⁸ to some ends, which he hath, that giveth it.  The other, that he shall have counsel given, hurtful and unsafe (though with good meaning), and mixed partly of mischief⁴⁹ and partly of remedy; even as if you would call a physician, that is thought good for the cure of the disease you complain of, but is unacquainted with your body; and therefore may put you in way for a present cure, but overthroweth your health in some other kind; and so cure the disease, and kill the patient.  But a friend that is wholly acquainted with a man's estate, will beware, by furthering any present business, how he dasheth upon other inconvenience.  And therefore rest not upon scattered counsels; they will rather distract and mislead, than settle and direct. 

 现在
，为充分说明友谊底这第二种功用起见，我们再一谈那个显而易见的 、流俗之人也可以注意到的那一点 ，就是朋友底忠言
。赫拉克里塔斯在他底隐语之一中说得很好
，“干光永远最佳 ”。一个人从另一个人的净言中所得来的光明比从他自己底理解力，判断力中所出的光明更是干净纯粹 ，这是无疑的：一个人从自己底理解力与判断力中得来的那种光明总不免是受他底感情和习惯底浸润影响的 。因此
，在朋友所给的诤言与自己所作的主张之间其差别有如良友底净言与谄佞底建议之间的差别一样
。因为谄谀我者无过于我；而防御自谄自谀之术更无有能及朋友之直言者也。诤言共有两种：一是关于行为的，一是关于事业的 。说到第一种 ，最能保人心神之健康的预防药就是朋友底忠言规谏。一个人底严厉自责是一种有时过于猛烈
，蚀力过强的药品
。读劝善的好书不免沈闷无味。在别人身上观察自己底错误有时与自己底情形不符 。最好的药方（最有效并且最易服用的）就是朋友底劝谏
。许多人（尤其是伟大的人们）因为没有朋友向他们进忠告的缘故，做出大谬极误的事来 ，以致他们底名声和境遇均大受损失
，这种情形看起来是很可惊异的。这些人是，有如圣雅各所说 ，“有时看看镜子，而不久就会忘了自己底形貌的” 。讲到事业方面
，一个人也许以为两只眼所见的并不多于一只眼所见的；或者以为局中人之所见总较旁观者之所见为多；或者以为一个在发怒中的人和一个默数过二十四个字母的人一般地聪明；或者以为一枝旧式毛瑟枪，托在臂上放和托在架上放一样地得力；他可以有许多类此的愚蠢骄傲的妄想 ，以为自己一身就很够了
。然而能使事业趋于正轨者还数忠言。又
，假如有人想采纳别人底忠告，而愿意零碎采纳 ，在某一件事上问某一人
，在另一件事上问另一人，这样的办法也好（这就是说 ，总比他全不问人的或者好一点）；可是他冒着两种危险；一是他将得不到忠实的进言；因为所进的言论必须是来自一位完全诚心的朋友的才好
，否则鲜有不被歪屈而倾向于进言人之私利者也 。另一种危险是他所得的进言，将为一种有害而不安全的言论（虽然用意是好的）一半是招致祸患的而一半是救济或预防祸患的；有如你生病请医 ，而这位医生是虽被认为善治你所患的病症
，却是不熟悉你底体质的；因此他也许会使你目前的疾病可以痊愈而将危害你健康的另一方面；结果是治了病症而杀了病人
。一个完全通晓你底事业境遇的朋友则不然，他将小心注意 ，以免因为推进你目前的某种事业而使你在别的方面突受打击。所以最好不要依靠零零碎碎的忠告；它们扰乱和误引底可能多于安定和指导底可能也 。

 After these two noble fruits of friendship (peace in the affections, and support of the judgment), followeth the last fruit; which is like the pomegranate, full of many kernels⁵⁰; I mean aid, and bearing a part, in all actions and occasions.  Here the best way to represent to life the manifold use of friendship, is to cast and see how many things there are, which a man cannot do himself; and then it will appear, that it was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say, that a friend is another himself; for that a friend is far more than himself. Men have their time, and die many times, in desire of some things which they principally take to heart; the bestowing⁵¹ of a child, the finishing of a work, or the like.  If a man have a true friend, he may rest almost secure that the care of those things will continue after him.  So that a man hath, as it were, two lives in his desires.  A man hath a body, and that body is confined to a place; but where friendship is, all offices of life are as it were granted to him, and his deputy.  For he may exercise them by his friend.  How many things are there which a man cannot, with any face or comeliness⁵², say or do himself?  A man can scarce allege⁵³ his own merits with modesty⁵⁴, much less extol⁵⁵ them; a man cannot sometimes brook⁵⁶ to supplicate⁵⁷ or beg; and a number of the like.  But all these things are graceful⁵⁸, in a friend's mouth, which are blushing in a man's own.  So again, a man's person hath many proper relations, which he cannot put off.  A man cannot speak to his son but as a father; to his wife but as a husband; to his enemy but upon terms:whereas a friend may speak as the case requires, and not as it sorteth with the person.  But to enumerate⁵⁹ these things were endless; I have given the rule, where a man cannot fitly play his own part; if he have not a friend, he may quit the stage.

 在友谊底这两种高贵的功效（心情上的平和与理智上的扶助）之后还有那最末的一种功效：这种功效有如石榴之多核
。这句话的意思就是朋友对于一个人底各种行为，各种需要
，都有所帮助，有所参加也。在这一点上 ，若要把友谊底多种用途很显明生动地表现出来
，最好的方法是计算一下，看看一个人有多少事情是不能靠自己去办理的：这样计算一下之后 ，我们就可以看得出古人所谓“朋友者另一己身也
”的那句话是一句与事实相较还很不够的话；因为一个朋友比较一个人底己身用处还要大得多 。人底生命有限
，有许多人在没有达到最大的心愿——如子女底婚事，工作之完成 ，等等——之前就死了。要是一个人有了一位真心的朋友
，那末他就大可安心，知道这些事件在他死后还是有人照料的
。如此 ，一个人在完成心愿上简直是有两条性命了。一个人有一个身体
，而这个身体是限于一个地方的；但是假如他有朋友，那末所有的人生大事都可算是有人办理了 。就是他自己不能去的地方 ，他底朋友也可以代表他的
。还有，有多少事是一个人为了颜面底关系
，不能自己说或办的！一个人不能自承有功而免矜夸之嫌，更不用说是不能表扬自己底功绩了；他有时也不能低首下心地去有所恳求；诸如此类的事很多。但是这一切的事 ，在一个人自己底嘴里说出来未免赧颜的
，在朋友嘴里说出来却是很好 。类此，一个人还有许多身份上的关系 ，是他不能弃置不顾的
。例如
，一个人对儿子讲话，就不能不保持父亲底身份；对妻子讲话就不能不保持丈夫底身份；对仇敌讲话就不能不顾虑自己底体面：但是一个朋友却可以就事论事 ，而不必顾虑到人底方面。这一类的事情要－－列举出来是说不完的；要之
，一个人若是有某种事自己不能很得体地去做时，我对他有一条规则可说 ，就是
，他如果没有朋友的话，那末他只有“下台”之一法
 
 

1 whatsoever
adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么
参考例句：
There's no reason whatsoever to turn down this suggestion.没有任何理由拒绝这个建议 。 All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you,do ye even so to them.你想别人对你怎样 ，你就怎样对人 。

2 solitude
n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方
参考例句：
People need a chance to reflect on spiritual matters in solitude. 人们需要独处的机会来反思精神上的事情。 They searched for a place where they could live in solitude. 他们寻找一个可以过隐居生活的地方 。

3 hatred
n.憎恶，憎恨 ，仇恨
参考例句：
He looked at me with hatred in his eyes.他以憎恨的眼光望着我 。 The old man was seized with burning hatred for the fascists.老人对法西斯主义者充满了仇恨。

4 savage
adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人
参考例句：
The poor man received a savage beating from the thugs.那可怜的人遭到暴徒的痛打 。 He has a savage temper.他脾气粗暴。

5 pro
n.赞成 ，赞成的意见 ，赞成者
参考例句：
The two debating teams argued the question pro and con.辩论的两组从赞成与反对两方面辩这一问题 。 Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament?你是赞成还是反对核裁军？

6 sequester
vt.使退隐，使隔绝
参考例句：
Everything he owned was sequestered.他的所有财产都被扣押了。 This jury is expected to be sequestered for at least two months.预计这个陪审团将至少被隔离两个月 。

7 divers
adj.不同的；种种的
参考例句：
He chose divers of them,who were asked to accompany him.他选择他们当中的几个人 ，要他们和他作伴 。 Two divers work together while a standby diver remains on the surface.两名潜水员协同工作 ，同时有一名候补潜水员留在水面上。

8 hermits
（尤指早期基督教的）隐居修道士，隐士 ，遁世者( hermit的名词复数 )
参考例句：
In the ancient China,hermits usually lived in hamlets. 在古代中国 ，隐士们通常都住在小村子里 。 Some Buddhist monks live in solitude as hermits. 有些和尚在僻静处隐居 。

9 tinkling
n.丁当作响声
参考例句：
I could hear bells tinkling in the distance. 我能听到远处叮当铃响。 To talk to him was like listening to the tinkling of a worn-out musical-box. 跟他说话，犹如听一架老掉牙的八音盒子丁冬响 。 来自英汉文学

10 cymbal
n.铙钹
参考例句：
The piece ends with a cymbal crash.这支曲子以铙钹的撞击声结束 。 Cymbal is a pair of round brass plates.铙钹是一对黄铜圆盘。

11 adage
n.格言 ，古训
参考例句：
But the old adage that men grow into office has not proved true in my experience.但是 ，根据我的经验，人们所谓的工作岗位造就人材这句古话并不正确 。 Her experience lends credence to the adage " We live and learn!"她的经验印证了一句格言: 活到老 ，学到老！

12 scattered
adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的
参考例句：
Gathering up his scattered papers,he pushed them into his case.他把散乱的文件收拾起来 ，塞进文件夹里 。

13 mere
adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过
参考例句：
That is a mere repetition of what you said before.那不过是重复了你以前讲的话。 It's a mere waste of time waiting any longer.再等下去纯粹是浪费时间 。

14 miserable
adj.悲惨的 ，痛苦的；可怜的 ，糟糕的
参考例句：
It was miserable of you to make fun of him.你取笑他，这是可耻的。 Her past life was miserable.她过去的生活很苦 。

15 wilderness
n.杳无人烟的一片陆地 、水等 ，荒漠
参考例句：
She drove the herd of cattle through the wilderness.她赶着牛群穿过荒野。 Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means.荒凉地区的教育不是钱财问题 。

16 confession
n.自白 ，供认，承认
参考例句：
Her confession was simply tantamount to a casual explanation.她的自白简直等于一篇即席说明 。 The police used torture to extort a confession from him.警察对他用刑逼供。

17 monarchs
君主 ，帝王( monarch的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Monarchs ruled England for centuries. 世袭君主统治英格兰有许多世纪 。 Serving six monarchs of his native Great Britain, he has served all men's freedom and dignity. 他在大不列颠本国为六位君王服务 ，也为全人类的自由和尊严服务 。 来自演讲部分

18 passionate
adj.热情的，热烈的 ，激昂的 ，易动情的，易怒的 ，性情暴躁的
参考例句：
He is said to be the most passionate man.据说他是最有激情的人。 He is very passionate about the project.他对那个项目非常热心 。

19 politic
adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政
参考例句：
He was too politic to quarrel with so important a personage.他很聪明，不会与这么重要的人争吵 。 The politic man tried not to offend people.那个精明的人尽量不得罪人。

20 reigned
vi.当政 ，统治（reign的过去式形式）
参考例句：
Silence reigned in the hall. 全场肃静 。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》 Night was deep and dead silence reigned everywhere. 夜深人静，一片死寂 。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

21 consulship
领事的职位或任期
参考例句：

22 testament
n.遗嘱；证明
参考例句：
This is his last will and testament.这是他的遗愿和遗嘱。 It is a testament to the power of political mythology.这说明 ，编造政治神话可以产生多大的威力 。

23 forth
adv.向前；向外 ，往外
参考例句：
The wind moved the trees gently back and forth.风吹得树轻轻地来回摇晃。 He gave forth a series of works in rapid succession.他很快连续发表了一系列的作品 。

24 presages
v.预示，预兆( presage的第三人称单数 )
参考例句：
This sign presages rains. 这种迹象是下雨的预兆。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》 And each presages the bigger pivots ahead in China's course. 每一件也都预示着中国今后路线的更大转机 。 来自互联网

25 specially
adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地
参考例句：
They are specially packaged so that they stack easily.它们经过特别包装以便于堆放 。 The machine was designed specially for demolishing old buildings.这种机器是专为拆毁旧楼房而设计的。

26 enchanted
adj. 被施魔法的 ，陶醉的 ，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词
参考例句：
She was enchanted by the flowers you sent her. 她非常喜欢你送给她的花 。 He was enchanted by the idea. 他为这个主意而欣喜若狂 。

27 ascended
v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 )
参考例句：
He has ascended into heaven. 他已经升入了天堂。 来自《简明英汉词典》 The climbers slowly ascended the mountain. 爬山运动员慢慢地登上了这座山 。 来自《简明英汉词典》

28 dedicated
adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的
参考例句：
He dedicated his life to the cause of education.他献身于教育事业 。 His whole energies are dedicated to improve the design.他的全部精力都放在改进这项设计上了。

29 eldest
adj.最年长的 ，最年老的
参考例句：
The King's eldest son is the heir to the throne.国王的长子是王位的继承人 。 The castle and the land are entailed on the eldest son.城堡和土地限定由长子继承 。

30 affronts
n.（当众）侮辱 ，（故意）冒犯( affront的名词复数 )v.勇敢地面对( affront的第三人称单数 )；相遇
参考例句：
How can you stomach their affronts ? 你怎么能够忍受他们的侮辱？ 来自辞典例句 It was true, acknowledgment in most cases of affronts was counted reparation sufficient. 的确，大部分的无理举动 ，只要认罪就时以算做足够的赔偿了。 来自辞典例句

31 impair
v.损害 ，损伤；削弱，减少
参考例句：
Loud noise can impair your hearing.巨大的噪音有损听觉 。 It can not impair the intellectual vigor of the young.这不能磨灭青年人思想活力。

32 judgment
n.审判；判断力 ，识别力，看法 ，意见
参考例句：
The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明 。 He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。

33 tormentor
n. 使苦痛之人, 使苦恼之物, 侧幕 =tormenter
参考例句：
He was the tormentor, he was the protector, he was the inquisitor, he was the friend. 他既是拷打者，又是保护者；既是审问者 ，又是朋友 。 来自英汉文学 The tormentor enlarged the engagement garment. 折磨者加大了订婚服装 。

34 parable
n.寓言 ，比喻
参考例句：
This is an ancient parable.这是一个古老的寓言。 The minister preached a sermon on the parable of the lost sheep.牧师讲道时用了亡羊的比喻 。

35 virtue
n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效 ，效力
参考例句：
He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范 。 You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。

36 fraught
adj.充满…的 ，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的
参考例句：
The coming months will be fraught with fateful decisions.未来数月将充满重大的决定 。 There's no need to look so fraught!用不着那么愁眉苦脸的！

37 discoursing
演说（discourse的现在分词形式）
参考例句：
He was discoursing to us on Keats. 他正给我们讲济慈 。 He found the time better employed in searching than in discussing, in discovering than in discoursing. 他认为与其把时间花费在你争我辩和高谈阔论上，不如用在研究和发现上。

38 meditation
n.熟虑 ，（尤指宗教的）默想 ，沉思，（pl.）冥想录
参考例句：
This peaceful garden lends itself to meditation.这个恬静的花园适于冥想 。 I'm sorry to interrupt your meditation.很抱歉 ，我打断了你的沉思 。

39 smother
vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；闷死；n.浓烟；窒息
参考例句：
They tried to smother the flames with a damp blanket.他们试图用一条湿毯子去灭火。 We tried to smother our laughter.我们强忍住笑 。

40 enigmas
n.难于理解的问题、人 、物 、情况等 ，奥秘( enigma的名词复数 )
参考例句：
The last words of Night Haunter stand as one of the great enigmas of Imperial history. 暗夜幽魂最后的临死前的话成为了帝国历史上的最大谜团之一。 来自互联网 Heraclitus saith well in one of his enigmas, Dry light is ever the best. 赫拉克里塔斯在他的隐语之一中说得很好，“干光永远最佳 ” 。 来自互联网

41 drenched
adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体）
参考例句：
We were caught in the storm and got drenched to the skin. 我们遇上了暴雨 ，淋得浑身透湿。 The rain drenched us. 雨把我们淋得湿透 。 来自《简明英汉词典》

42 preservative
n.防腐剂；防腐料；保护料；预防药
参考例句：
New timber should be treated with a preservative.新采的圆木应进行防腐处理 。 Salt is a common food preservative.盐是一种常用的食物防腐剂。

43 corrosive
adj.腐蚀性的；有害的；恶毒的
参考例句：
Many highly corrosive substances are used in the nuclear industry.核工业使用许多腐蚀性很强的物质 。 Many highly corrosive substances are used in the nuclear industry.核工业使用许多腐蚀性很强的物质 。

44 improper
adj.不适当的，不合适的 ，不正确的，不合礼仪的
参考例句：
Short trousers are improper at a dance.舞会上穿短裤不成体统。 Laughing and joking are improper at a funeral.葬礼时大笑和开玩笑是不合适的 。

45 behold
v.看 ，注视 ，看到
参考例句：
The industry of these little ants is wonderful to behold.这些小蚂蚁辛勤劳动的样子看上去真令人惊叹 。 The sunrise at the seaside was quite a sight to behold.海滨日出真是个奇景。

46 absurdities
n.极端无理性( absurdity的名词复数 )；荒谬；谬论；荒谬的行为
参考例句：
She has a sharp eye for social absurdities, and compassion for the victims of social change. 她独具慧眼，能够看到社会上荒唐的事情 ，对于社会变革的受害者寄以同情 。 来自辞典例句 The absurdities he uttered at the dinner party landed his wife in an awkward situation. 他在宴会上讲的荒唐话使他太太陷入窘境 。 来自辞典例句

47 musket
n.滑膛枪
参考例句：
I hunted with a musket two years ago.两年前我用滑膛枪打猎。 So some seconds passed,till suddenly Joyce whipped up his musket and fired.又过了几秒钟 ，突然，乔伊斯端起枪来开了火 。

48 crooked
adj.弯曲的；不诚实的 ，狡猾的 ，不正当的
参考例句：
He crooked a finger to tell us to go over to him.他弯了弯手指，示意我们到他那儿去。 You have to drive slowly on these crooked country roads.在这些弯弯曲曲的乡间小路上你得慢慢开车 。

49 mischief
n.损害 ，伤害 ，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋 ，胡闹
参考例句：
Nobody took notice of the mischief of the matter. 没有人注意到这件事情所带来的危害。 He seems to intend mischief.看来他想捣蛋 。

50 kernels
谷粒( kernel的名词复数 )； 仁； 核； 要点
参考例句：
These stones contain kernels. 这些核中有仁 。 Resolving kernels and standard errors can also be computed for each block. 还可以计算每个块体的分辨核和标准误差。

51 bestowing
砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖
参考例句：
Apollo, you see, is bestowing the razor on the Triptolemus of our craft. 你瞧，阿波罗正在把剃刀赠给我们这项手艺的特里泼托勒默斯 。 What thanks do we not owe to Heaven for thus bestowing tranquillity, health and competence! 我们要谢谢上苍 ，赐我们的安乐、健康和饱暖 。

52 comeliness
n. 清秀, 美丽, 合宜
参考例句：
Your comeliness is law with Mr. Wildeve. 你的美貌，对于韦狄先生 ，就是律令。 Her comeliness overwhelmed him. 她的清秀美丽使他倾倒 。

53 allege
vt.宣称 ，申述，主张 ，断言
参考例句：
The newspaper reporters allege that the man was murdered but they have given no proof.新闻记者们宣称这个男人是被谋杀的 ，但他们没提出证据 。 Students occasionally allege illness as the reason for absence.学生时不时会称病缺课。

54 modesty
n.谦逊，虚心 ，端庄 ，稳重，羞怯 ，朴素
参考例句：
Industry and modesty are the chief factors of his success.勤奋和谦虚是他成功的主要因素 。 As conceit makes one lag behind,so modesty helps one make progress.骄傲使人落后 ，谦虚使人进步 。

55 extol
v.赞美，颂扬
参考例句：
We of the younger generation extol the wisdom of the great leader and educator.我们年轻一代崇拜那位伟大的引路人和教育家的智慧。 Every day I will praise you and extol your name for ever and ever. 我要天天称颂你 ，也要永永远远赞美你的名 。

56 brook
n.小河，溪；v.忍受 ，容让
参考例句：
In our room we could hear the murmur of a distant brook.在我们房间能听到远处小溪汩汩的流水声。 The brook trickled through the valley.小溪涓涓流过峡谷 。

57 supplicate
v.恳求；adv.祈求地，哀求地 ，恳求地
参考例句：
She supplicated the judge for protection.她恳求法官保护。 I do not supplicate to women because they find it unattractive.我不会向女人恳求 ，因为那吸引不了她们 。

58 graceful
adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的
参考例句：
His movements on the parallel bars were very graceful.他的双杠动作可帅了! The ballet dancer is so graceful.芭蕾舞演员的姿态是如此的优美 。

59 enumerate
v.列举 ，计算 ，枚举，数
参考例句：
The heroic deeds of the people's soldiers are too numerous to enumerate.人民子弟兵的英雄事迹举不胜举。 Its applications are too varied to enumerate.它的用途不胜枚举 。