新式机器鱼可自由潜水游行

A high-tech ¹ robotic fish hatched at Michigan State University has a new look. A new skill. And a new name. MSU scientists have made a number of improvements on the fish, including the ability to glide²（滑翔） long distances, which is the most important change to date. The fish now has the ability to glide through the water practically indefinitely, using little to no energy, while gathering ³ valuable data that can aid in the cleaning of our lakes and rivers., ,Designed and built by Xiaobo Tan, MSU associate professor of electrical and computer engineering, and his team, the fish is equipped with an array of sensors ⁵ that not only allow it to travel autonomously ⁶, but also measure water temperature, quality and other pertinent ⁷ facts., ,"Swimming requires constant flapping of the tail," Tan said, "which means the battery is constantly being discharged and typically wouldn't last more than a few hours.", ,The disadvantage to gliding ⁸, he said, is that it is slower and less maneuverable（有机动性的）., ,"This is why we integrated both locomotion⁹（运动，移动） modes -- gliding and swimming -- in our robot," Tan said. "Such integration ¹⁰ also allows the robot to adapt to different environments, from shallow streams to deep lakes, from calm ponds to rivers, with rapid currents.", ,The robot's ability to glide is achieved through a newly installed pump that pushes water in and out of the fish, depending on if the scientists want the robot to ascend ¹¹ or descend ¹². Also, the robot's battery pack sits on a kind of rail that moves backward and forward, in sync with the pumping action, to allow the robot to glide through water on a desired path., ,The robotic fish now has a name: Grace, which stands for "Gliding Robot ACE ¹³.", ,Late last year Tan and his team took Grace for a test drive on the Kalamazoo River, where it exceeded all expectations., ,"She swam at three sites along the river and wirelessly ¹⁴ sent back sensor ⁴ readings," Tan said. "I'm not sure, but we may have set a world record -- demonstrating robotic fish-based sampling with commercial water-quality sensors in a real-world environment.", ,The KalamazooRiver is, of course, the site of a 2010 oil spill. Interestingly, the robot's crude oil sensor had some readings upriver from where the spill occurred, although the readings downstream from the spill site were higher., ,Underwater gliders ¹⁶, or seagliders, are becoming more common in oceanography. In fact, one traveled all the way across the Atlantic Ocean in late 2009., ,One major difference in Grace is that, aside from its swimming capability ¹⁷, it is about 10 times smaller and lighter ¹⁸ than a commercial underwater glider ¹⁵., ,Tan's research is supported by the National Science Foundation.