流水侵蚀也会形成尖角和边缘

Erosion（侵蚀） caused by flowing water does not only smooth out objects, but can also form distinct shapes with sharp points and edges, a team of New York University researchers has found. Their findings, which appear in the latest edition of the journal the Proceedings ¹ of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), reveal the unexpected ways that erosion can affect landscapes and artificial materials. The impact of erosion is widely recognized by environmentalists and geologists ², but less clear is how nature's elements, notably ³ water and air, work to shape land, rocks, and artificial structures, often resulting in unusual formations., ,"The main focus of this study was to understand how and why erosion makes these funny shapes," explained Leif Ristroph, a post-doctoral researcher at NYU's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences and one of the study's co-authors., ,To explore these questions, the researchers designed an experiment, conducted in the Courant Institute's Applied ⁴ Mathematics Laboratory, to replicate ⁵ natural erosion. In it, the researchers submerged（水下的） clay -- shaped as balls or cylinders ⁷ -- into a 15-ft. long water tunnel. The apparatus ⁸ was designed to continuously generate a uniform flow of water, which would allow the researchers to observe how erosion shapes an entire object., ,What they found was water flow acts as a shearing ⁹ force -- not unlike a nail file -- against objects, working them into specific shapes. Starting from a clay ball, the flowing water sheared ¹⁰ the sides away, producing a cone ¹¹ with a pointed ¹² face. Likewise, the clay cylinder ⁶ was sculpted ¹³ into a triangular ¹⁴ shape. The researchers then sought to confirm these findings by replicating ¹⁵ the experiment using a computer model. These results were consistent with the experimental findings, revealing in a computer simulation how the shape was maintained as the body eroded ¹⁶ away., ,"Water acts tangentially ¹⁷ to the surface of objects and skims off material to create these unique shapes," explained Ristroph. "In a sense, it works as a sculptor ¹⁸ to naturally mold materials into new forms.", ,The study's other co-authors were: Matthew Moore, a Courant post-doctoral fellow; Courant Professors Stephen Childress and Michael Shelley; and Jun Zhang, a professor at the Courant Institute and NYU's Department of Physics., ,The research was supported by grants from the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-88ER25053) and the National Science Foundation (DMS-1103876, MRI-0821520).